Slide 85 of 99
Notes:
This picture from 1994 shows the European Space Agency contributions to the International Space Station program following the restructuring of the European manned spaceflight program in 1991-93. The Crew Transfer Vehicle (CTV) is visible at right, next to the cylindrical Columbus Orbiting Facility (COF). Finally, an Automated Transfer Vehicle (ATV) carrying unpressurized cargo is docked to the nadir port. The November 1992 meeting in Granada decided to continue with a scaled back $3-billion Columbus module, but the French managed to force another reassessment in 1995 due to concerns about the US commitment to Space Station Freedom. The overall cost of the revised ESA programs was estimated to be $2 billion lower (at 1991 prices) than the original $10.8 billion projected for 1993-95. From 1993 to 2000, the total was projected to be about $25.7 billion, down from $29.7 billion. ESA then merged its Columbus and manned space transportation plans into a single effort in 1994, to further reduce the overall cost of the $4.6-billion COF/CTV/ATV program..
The International Space Station (ISS) and Europe. In October 1995, ESA finally decided to remain a partner in the ISS project after France, Italy and Germany managed to reach a complicated compromise on what the contributions should be and how much they would cost. The Italians received Ariane-5 and Columbus contracts from France and Germany. The $1.4-billion Columbus Orbiting Facility was also approved. The second major project was the French-led Automated Transfer Vehicle designed to carry 9,000kg of cargo to ISS. It would cost $750 million to develop. The $1.7-billion Crew Transfer Vehicle capsule was however cut from the package, although France received $60 million for CTV studies.
